By Wing Commander 
The Sukhoi Su-24MK, a variant of the Soviet-era Su-24 “Fencer,” is a formidable all-weather tactical bomber designed for precision strikes and ground attacks. It was developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau and entered service in the late 1980s, following the success of its predecessor, the Su-24M. The Su-24MK was specifically tailored for export markets, with modifications to meet the needs of foreign air forces while maintaining much of the original Su-24M’s advanced capabilities. In this article, we will explore the development, design features, operational history, and performance characteristics of this aircraft in detail.
Development and Background
The origins of the Su-24MK can be traced back to the development of the original Su-24, which began in the early 1960s. The Soviet Union needed a new tactical bomber that could operate in all weather conditions and deliver precision strikes deep into enemy territory. This requirement led to the creation of the Su-24, which was heavily influenced by Western aircraft like the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark. The F-111’s variable-sweep wing design allowed it to perform well at both high and low speeds, making it ideal for penetrating enemy defenses. Sukhoi engineers adopted a similar variable-sweep wing configuration for the Su-24 to enhance its versatility.
The first prototype of the Su-24 flew in 1967, and after several years of testing and refinement, it entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1974. The aircraft quickly gained a reputation for its ability to conduct low-level penetration missions at supersonic speeds while carrying a significant payload of bombs and missiles. However, as with many Soviet military aircraft, export versions were developed to meet the demands of foreign customers.
The Su-24MK (MK stands for Modernizirovannyy Kommercheskiy, or “Modernized Commercial”) was introduced in 1987 as an export variant of the Su-24M. It retained many of the advanced features of the Su-24M but was modified to comply with export regulations and meet the specific needs of foreign air forces. Notably, some sensitive technologies were removed or downgraded to prevent them from falling into enemy hands if captured.
Key Design Features
The Su-24MK shares much of its design with the original Su-24M but includes several modifications tailored for export customers. Below are some of its key design features:
- Variable-Sweep Wings: Like its predecessor, the Su-24MK is equipped with variable-sweep wings that can be adjusted in flight to optimize performance at different speeds and altitudes. This feature allows the aircraft to fly at high speeds when sweeping its wings back or operate more efficiently at lower speeds when sweeping them forward.
- Side-by-Side Cockpit: One distinctive feature of the Su-24 series is its side-by-side seating arrangement for two crew members: a pilot and a weapons systems officer. This configuration was chosen to improve communication between crew members during complex missions.
- Twin Engines: The aircraft is powered by two Saturn/Lyulka AL-21F3A afterburning turbojet engines, each capable of producing up to 24,700 pounds-force (lbf) of thrust with afterburners engaged. These engines provide enough power for supersonic flight and enable rapid acceleration during combat missions.
- Advanced Avionics: The avionics suite on board includes a Kaira-24 laser designator/TV-optical quantum system for targeting precision-guided munitions, as well as an inertial navigation system (PNS-24M). These systems allow the aircraft to operate effectively in all weather conditions and at night.
- Armament: The Su-24MK can carry up to 17,635 pounds (8,000 kg) of ordnance on nine external hardpoints. It is capable of deploying a wide range of air-to-surface missiles, bombs (including laser-guided bombs), rockets, and even nuclear weapons (in some variants). Additionally, it is equipped with a GSh-6-23 23mm six-barreled cannon for close-range defense.
Export Success
The primary purpose behind developing the Su-24MK was to offer an advanced strike platform to foreign nations allied with or sympathetic to Soviet interests during the Cold War era. The first customer for this variant was Iraq in 1988, followed by Libya and Syria in subsequent years. Iran also acquired several units in 1990 as part of its efforts to modernize its air force following the Iran-Iraq War.
Countries that adopted the Su-24MK appreciated its combination of speed, payload capacity, and precision strike capabilities. In particular, Middle Eastern nations valued its ability to deliver powerful air-to-ground ordnance during regional conflicts where air superiority was contested but not always assured.
Operational History
The operational history of the Su-24MK is closely tied to that of its predecessor, as many countries that purchased this variant used it alongside their existing fleets of Su-24Ms or other Soviet-era aircraft.
Middle East Conflicts
In Iraq’s case, Su-24MKs were used extensively during both Gulf Wars (1990–1991 and 2003), although their effectiveness was somewhat limited by coalition air superiority during these conflicts. Nevertheless, they played an important role in Iraq’s attempts at conducting precision strikes against coalition forces.
Libya also deployed its fleet during various internal conflicts throughout the late 20th century into early 21st century before NATO intervention led to significant losses among Libyan military assets during Operation Unified Protector (2011).
Syrian Civil War
Perhaps one country where these planes have seen extensive use recently is Syria; since Russian intervention began supporting Bashar al-Assad’s regime against rebel factions around late 2015/early 2016 Syrian-operated SU–24s have been instrumental
Citations:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24
[2] https://ccxy.tripod.com/su24.html
[3] https://simpleflying.com/sukhoi-su-24-russian-supersonic-fighter-jet-guide/
[4] https://www.anvilofwar.com/aviation/specifications.php?entry_id=Su24-Fencer
[5] https://forum.warthunder.com/t/sukhoi-su-24m-precise-fencer/146659
Operational History of the Sukhoi Su-24MK
The Su-24MK has seen extensive use in various conflicts around the world, particularly in the Middle East, where it has been deployed by multiple nations. Its rugged design, advanced avionics for its time, and ability to carry a wide range of munitions made it a valuable asset for countries involved in regional conflicts. In this section, we will explore its operational history in more detail, focusing on key conflicts where the Su-24MK played a significant role.
Iraq’s Use of the Su-24MK
Iraq was one of the first countries to acquire the Su-24MK in 1988, during a period when it was heavily investing in modernizing its military capabilities. The Iraqi Air Force used these aircraft during both the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988) and later in the Gulf Wars.
Iran-Iraq War
Although Iraq received its Su-24MKs towards the end of the Iran-Iraq War, they were not deployed extensively during this conflict due to their late arrival. However, their presence was part of Iraq’s broader strategy to bolster its air force with advanced strike aircraft capable of deep penetration missions into Iranian territory. The Su-24MK’s ability to fly at low altitudes and deliver precision-guided munitions made it an ideal candidate for such missions.
Gulf War (1990–1991)
During the Gulf War, Iraq’s fleet of Su-24MKs was used primarily for ground attack missions against coalition forces. However, their effectiveness was limited due to the overwhelming air superiority established by coalition forces early in the conflict. Many Iraqi aircraft, including some Su-24MKs, were either destroyed on the ground or forced to flee to neighboring Iran to avoid destruction. Despite these setbacks, the Su-24MK remained an important part of Iraq’s air force until the 2003 invasion by U.S.-led coalition forces.
2003 Invasion of Iraq
By 2003, Iraq’s air force had been severely weakened by years of sanctions and limited access to spare parts for its Soviet-made aircraft. Nevertheless, some Su-24MKs were still operational and were used in limited numbers during the initial stages of the U.S.-led invasion. Like in 1991, however, Iraq’s air force was quickly overwhelmed by coalition air power, and many Su-24MKs were either destroyed or captured during the conflict.
Libya’s Use of the Su-24MK
Libya was another early customer for the Su-24MK, acquiring several units in the late 1980s as part of its efforts to modernize its military under Muammar Gaddafi’s regime. The Libyan Air Force used these aircraft primarily for ground attack missions during various internal and external conflicts.
Libyan Civil War (2011)
During the Libyan Civil War in 2011, Gaddafi’s forces used their Su-24MKs against rebel groups attempting to overthrow his regime. However, like Iraq before it, Libya’s air force faced overwhelming opposition from NATO forces that intervened in support of the rebels under Operation Unified Protector. NATO airstrikes targeted Libyan military assets, including its fleet of Su-24MKs, which suffered significant losses during the conflict.
After Gaddafi’s fall from power, many of Libya’s remaining military assets fell into disrepair or were captured by various factions vying for control of the country. As a result, it is unclear how many operational Su-24MKs remain in Libya today.
Syria’s Use of the Su-24MK
Syria is one of the most prominent users of both the Su-24M and its export variant, the Su-24MK. The Syrian Air Force has relied heavily on these aircraft during its ongoing civil war (2011–present), particularly after receiving support from Russia in 2015.
Syrian Civil War
The Syrian Civil War has provided perhaps one of the most extensive operational testbeds for both Russian and Syrian-operated Sukhoi aircraft. Since Russia began providing military support to Bashar al-Assad’s regime in 2015, Syrian-operated SU–24s have been instrumental in conducting precision strikes against rebel factions across various regions.
Syrian Air Force SU–24s have been involved in numerous bombing campaigns targeting rebel-held areas such as Aleppo and Idlib provinces—regions where opposition forces had established strongholds early on within Syria’s civil war timeline (2012–2016). These bombing campaigns often included heavy bombardment runs utilizing unguided bombs alongside laser-guided munitions aimed at disrupting supply lines while simultaneously softening up defensive positions before ground offensives would commence.
The introduction of Russian military intervention saw increased coordination between Syrian-operated SU–24Mks alongside Russian Aerospace Forces’ own deployment utilizing upgraded variants like SU–34 Fullback bombers conducting joint strikes against ISIS strongholds within eastern Syria (Raqqa/Deir Ezzor regions).
Despite international condemnation regarding alleged indiscriminate attacks resulting civilian casualties—particularly within densely populated urban centers—the continued reliance upon SU–series bombers highlights their perceived effectiveness among Assad-aligned forces seeking tactical advantages over opposition factions entrenched within contested territories throughout Syria’s civil war theater.
Iranian Use of Captured Iraqi Aircraft
One interesting chapter involving SU–series bombers involves Iran acquiring several Iraqi-owned SU–aircraft following Saddam Hussein’s defeat post-Gulf War I (1990).
Technical Specifications and Capabilities of the Sukhoi Su-24MK
The Sukhoi Su-24MK is a highly capable tactical bomber, designed to perform a wide range of roles in combat scenarios, from precision strikes to electronic warfare. Its advanced avionics, powerful engines, and versatile armament make it one of the most formidable aircraft of its time. In this section, we will delve into the technical specifications and capabilities that define the Su-24MK.
Airframe and Design
The Su-24MK features a robust airframe that is optimized for low-level penetration missions. One of its most distinctive features is the variable-sweep wing configuration, which allows the aircraft to adjust its wing sweep angle in flight. This design provides several advantages:
- High-Speed Performance: When the wings are swept back, the aircraft can achieve high speeds at supersonic levels, making it ideal for fast strikes and evasion from enemy defenses.
- Low-Speed Stability: With the wings swept forward, the Su-24MK gains improved stability at lower speeds, which is crucial for low-altitude operations where precision and maneuverability are required.
The side-by-side seating arrangement for the two crew members—pilot and weapons systems officer—enables better communication during complex missions. This layout is particularly advantageous in high-stress environments where rapid decision-making is essential.
Powerplant
The Su-24MK is powered by two Saturn/Lyulka AL-21F3A afterburning turbojet engines, each capable of generating 24,700 pounds-force (lbf) of thrust with afterburners engaged. These engines provide several key performance metrics:
- Maximum Speed: The aircraft can reach a top speed of approximately 1,315 km/h (710 knots), allowing it to quickly penetrate enemy airspace and deliver its payload.
- Rate of Climb: With a climb rate of 30,000 feet per minute (152.4 meters per second), the Su-24MK can ascend rapidly to evade threats or position itself for an attack.
- Service Ceiling: The aircraft can operate at altitudes up to 36,000 feet (11,000 meters), giving it flexibility in both high-altitude bombing runs and low-level strike missions.
Avionics and Navigation Systems
One of the standout features of the Su-24MK is its advanced avionics suite, which includes:
- Kaira-24 Laser Designator/TV-Optical Quantum System: This system allows for precise targeting of ground-based assets using laser-guided munitions. The integration of both laser and TV-optical guidance provides flexibility in various weather conditions and operational environments.
- PNS-24M Inertial Navigation System: This system ensures accurate navigation during long-range missions, even in GPS-denied environments. It works in tandem with terrain-following radar systems to allow the aircraft to fly at low altitudes while evading enemy radar detection.
These avionics systems enable the Su-24MK to conduct precision strikes under adverse conditions, including night operations and poor weather visibility.
Armament Capabilities
The Su-24MK is renowned for its ability to carry a wide variety of ordnance on its nine external hardpoints. It has a maximum payload capacity of 17,635 pounds (8,000 kg), making it one of the most heavily armed tactical bombers in its class. Some of its key armament options include:
Air-to-Surface Missiles
The Su-24MK can deploy several types of air-to-surface missiles designed for different mission profiles:
- Kh-25L (AS-10 Karen): A laser-guided missile with a range of up to 20 km. It is effective against fortified ground targets.
- Kh-29L (AS-14 Kedge): A larger missile with either laser or TV guidance and a range of about 10 km, suitable for destroying hardened targets like bunkers or bridges.
- Kh-31P (AS-17 Krypton): A passive radar-homing missile with a range of up to 180 km. It is designed for anti-radar missions to suppress enemy air defense systems.
Precision-Guided Bombs
The Su-24MK also carries an array of precision-guided bombs:
- KAB-500L: A laser-guided bomb weighing 500 kg, used for precision strikes against high-value targets.
- KAB-1500L: A larger variant weighing 1,500 kg with laser guidance for more destructive power against heavily fortified structures.
Unguided Munitions
In addition to guided munitions, the Su-24MK can carry conventional bombs ranging from 500 kg to 1,500 kg as well as unguided rockets like the S-8 and S-25 series.
Defensive Armament
For self-defense in air-to-air combat scenarios, the Su-24MK is equipped with up to four R-60M short-range air-to-air missiles. These missiles are known for their agility but are sensitive to countermeasures such as chaff or flares.
Additionally, the aircraft features an internal GSh-6-23M six-barreled cannon with a rate of fire up to 9,000 rounds per minute. This cannon provides close-range defensive capabilities against enemy aircraft or ground targets.
Electronic Warfare and Defensive Systems
To protect itself from enemy air defenses, the Su-24MK is equipped with several electronic warfare systems:
- SPO-15 Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): This system alerts the crew when they are being targeted by enemy radar systems.
- SPS Jamming Pods: These pods are mounted on external hardpoints and can disrupt enemy radar signals or missile guidance systems.
- Chaff and Flare Dispensers: These countermeasures are used to confuse incoming radar-guided or heat-seeking missiles.
The combination of these defensive systems allows the Su-24MK to operate in contested environments where enemy air defenses pose a significant threat.
Performance Metrics
Below is a summary table highlighting some key performance metrics for the Su-24MK:
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Maximum Speed | 1,315 km/h (710 knots) |
| Service Ceiling | 36,000 feet (11,000 meters) |
| Rate of Climb | 30,000 feet/minute |
| Range | 2,778 km (1,500 nautical miles) |
| Maximum Takeoff Weight | 96,462 lbs (43,755 kg) |
| Maximum Payload Capacity | 17,635 lbs (8,000 kg) |
| Fuel Tank Capacity | 3,960 gallons (14,990 liters) |
Operational Range and Fuel Efficiency
The Su-24MK has an operational range of approximately 2,778 kilometers (1,500 nautical miles), making it suitable for long-range strike missions without requiring aerial refueling in many cases. However, it can also be fitted with external fuel tanks to extend its range further if needed.
Despite its powerful engines and heavy payload capacity, the Su-24MK has relatively efficient fuel consumption for an aircraft of its size and role:
- Fuel Economy: $$0.41 \text{ nautical miles/gallon} $$ or $$0.201 \text{ kilometers/liter}$$.
This level of fuel efficiency allows it to conduct extended missions without frequent refueling stops or reliance on aerial tankers.
In conclusion, the Sukhoi Su-24MK stands out as an advanced tactical bomber that combines speed, firepower, versatility in ordnance deployment, and robust defensive capabilities. Its ability to operate under adverse conditions while delivering precision strikes makes it a valuable asset for any air force seeking both offensive punch and survivability in modern combat scenarios.
Citations:
[1] https://planehistoria.com/the-sukhoi-su-24-earned-the-nickname-flying-suitcase/
[2] https://warthunder.com/en/news/9061-development-su-24m-a-suitcase-full-of-surprises-en
[3] https://forum.warthunder.com/t/sukhoi-su-24-fencer-c-soviet-aardvark/107885
[4] https://www.anvilofwar.com/aviation/specifications.php?entry_id=Su24-Fencer
[5] https://armyrecognition.com/military-products/air/fighter/su-24-fencer-sukhoi
[6] https://forum.warthunder.com/t/sukhoi-su-24m-precise-fencer/146659
[7] https://www.rbth.com/economics/defence/2015/11/27/the-sukhoi-su-24-bomber_544943
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24
Global Impact and Legacy of the Sukhoi Su-24MK
The Sukhoi Su-24MK has left a significant imprint on global military aviation, not only due to its advanced design but also because of its widespread use in various conflicts across the globe. Its service history spans several decades, and it continues to be operational in many air forces today. In this final section, we will explore the broader impact of the Su-24MK on global military strategy, its role in modern conflicts, and its legacy as a tactical bomber.
Global Operators and Export Success
The Su-24MK was developed primarily for export, and it found customers across the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe. Some of the key operators of the Su-24MK include:
- Iraq: As one of the first customers, Iraq used the Su-24MK during both Gulf Wars. Despite suffering heavy losses due to coalition air superiority, the aircraft played a crucial role in Iraq’s air force during these conflicts.
- Libya: Libya acquired several Su-24MKs in the late 1980s and used them in various regional conflicts, including internal strife during the Libyan Civil War. However, many of these aircraft were destroyed during NATO’s intervention in 2011.
- Syria: The Syrian Air Force has been one of the most prominent users of the Su-24MK. The aircraft has been extensively used in Syria’s ongoing civil war, particularly after Russia began providing military support to Bashar al-Assad’s regime in 2015. Syrian-operated Su-24MKs have conducted numerous bombing campaigns against rebel-held areas.
- Iran: Iran acquired several Su-24MKs from Iraq after they fled to Iran during the first Gulf War. These aircraft were integrated into the Iranian Air Force and have been used in various military exercises and operations. Iran has also developed indigenous modifications for these aircraft, including mounting domestically produced cruise missiles like the Asef missile[5].
Other countries that have operated or continue to operate the Su-24MK include Algeria, Sudan, Azerbaijan, and Belarus[1][6]. The widespread adoption of this aircraft by various nations underscores its versatility and effectiveness as a tactical bomber.
Role in Modern Conflicts
The Su-24MK has been involved in numerous modern conflicts, often playing a pivotal role in ground attack missions and precision strikes. Below are some notable examples:
Syrian Civil War
The Syrian Air Force’s use of the Su-24MK has been particularly prominent during the ongoing civil war. Since 2011, Syrian-operated Su-24MKs have been deployed in numerous bombing campaigns targeting rebel-held areas such as Aleppo and Idlib provinces. These bombing campaigns have often been criticized for causing significant civilian casualties due to their use of unguided munitions in densely populated areas.
However, with Russian support beginning in 2015, Syrian forces gained access to more advanced munitions and targeting systems, allowing for more precise strikes against opposition forces. The Su-24MK has been instrumental in these operations, conducting airstrikes against rebel positions and supply lines[2].
Russo-Ukrainian Conflict
The Su-24 series has also seen extensive use during the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. Both Russia and Ukraine operate variants of this aircraft, with Russia using upgraded Su-24M2 models while Ukraine continues to rely on older Su-24M/MK variants[1]. The aircraft has been involved in numerous airstrikes since the conflict escalated in 2022, targeting both military infrastructure and high-value assets.
In particular, Ukrainian-operated Su-24s have been equipped with British-made Storm Shadow cruise missiles, further enhancing their long-range strike capabilities[2]. This development highlights how older platforms like the Su-24 can still be effective when equipped with modern weaponry.
Iranian Military Operations
Iran’s acquisition of Iraqi Su-24MKs during the Gulf War allowed it to significantly bolster its air force capabilities. Over the years, Iran has continued to upgrade its fleet with indigenous modifications. In 2023, Iran unveiled a new long-range cruise missile known as “Asef,” which can be mounted on its Su-24MKs[5]. This development underscores Iran’s commitment to maintaining its fleet of Su-24s as a key component of its strategic air power.
Technological Legacy
The Sukhoi Su-24MK introduced several technological innovations that were ahead of their time when it first entered service:
- Variable-Sweep Wings: The variable-sweep wing design allowed for optimized performance at both high and low speeds. This feature was crucial for low-level penetration missions where speed and maneuverability were essential.
- Side-by-Side Cockpit: The unique side-by-side seating arrangement improved communication between crew members during complex missions.
- Advanced Avionics: The inclusion of systems like the Kaira-24 laser designator/TV-optical quantum system and PNS-24M inertial navigation system enabled precision strikes under all weather conditions.
- Versatile Armament: With nine external hardpoints capable of carrying up to 17,635 pounds (8,000 kg) of ordnance[3], the Su-24MK could deploy a wide range of munitions—from unguided bombs to laser-guided missiles—making it highly adaptable to different mission profiles.
These technological advancements made the Su-24MK one of the most capable tactical bombers of its era. Even today, many air forces continue to rely on this platform due to its versatility and proven combat effectiveness.
Replacement by More Modern Aircraft
While still operational in several countries today, the Sukhoi Su-24 series is gradually being replaced by more modern aircraft like the Sukhoi Su-34 Fullback. The Su-34 offers several advantages over its predecessor:
- Improved Maneuverability: The Su-34 is designed for both air-to-air combat and ground attack missions, giving it greater flexibility on the battlefield.
- Advanced Avionics: The avionics suite on board the Su-34 is far more advanced than that of the older Su-24 series, allowing for better target acquisition and engagement.
- Increased Payload Capacity: While both aircraft can carry a similar amount of ordnance, the Su-34 benefits from more modern weapon systems that enhance its strike capabilities.
Despite these advancements, many countries continue to operate their fleets of Su-24s due to budget constraints or geopolitical considerations that limit their ability to acquire newer platforms.
Conclusion
The Sukhoi Su-24MK remains a significant player in global military aviation history due to its advanced design features and widespread use across multiple conflicts worldwide. Its variable-sweep wings, powerful engines, and versatile armament make it an effective tactical bomber capable of delivering precision strikes under challenging conditions.
Although newer aircraft like the Sukhoi Su-34 are gradually replacing it in some air forces, many countries continue to rely on their fleets of Su-24s due to their proven combat effectiveness and adaptability. As demonstrated by recent upgrades like Iran’s integration of long-range cruise missiles onto its fleet[5], there is still potential for this platform to remain relevant in modern warfare for years to come.
Ultimately, the legacy of the Sukhoi Su-24MK lies not only in its technological innovations but also in its enduring role as a workhorse for tactical bombing missions across multiple theaters of war.
Citations:
[1] https://forum.warthunder.com/t/sukhoi-su-24m-precise-fencer/146659
[2] https://simpleflying.com/sukhoi-su-24-russian-supersonic-fighter-jet-guide/
[3] https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su24/
[4] https://armyrecognition.com/military-products/air/fighter/su-24-fencer-sukhoi
[5] https://armyrecognition.com/news/aerospace-news/2023/iranian-air-force-unveils-asef-new-cruise-missile-mounted-on-su-24-bomber
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24