The AgustaWestland AW169 is a versatile, twin-engine helicopter developed by AgustaWestland, a subsidiary of Leonardo S.p.A. It is part of the AWFamily, which also includes the larger AW139 and AW189 models. The AW169 was designed to address the growing demand for a next-generation helicopter in the light-intermediate category, offering best-in-class performance, range, and safety features. Since its introduction in 2015, the AW169 has found widespread use across various sectors, including executive transport, air ambulance services, law enforcement, and offshore energy operations. This article delves into the development, design, performance characteristics, and operational versatility of the AW169.
Development of the AgustaWestland AW169
The development of the AW169 began in July 2010 when AgustaWestland formally announced the project at the Farnborough International Air Show. The goal was to create a medium-sized helicopter that could perform a wide variety of missions while maintaining high levels of performance and safety. The design of the AW169 drew heavily from its predecessors in the AgustaWestland family, particularly the AW139 and AW189. This design strategy allowed for significant cost savings in both development and operational phases by sharing components and avionics systems across these models.
The first prototype of the AW169 made its maiden flight on May 10, 2012. Over the following years, four prototypes were built and subjected to rigorous flight testing to ensure compliance with regulatory standards. By July 2015, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) had granted certification for the aircraft, followed by certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in February 2016. These certifications paved the way for full-scale production and customer deliveries later that year.
One of the key factors that contributed to the rapid development of the AW169 was its reliance on proven technologies from previous AgustaWestland models. For instance, many components such as rotor blades, gearboxes, and avionics systems were derived from or shared with the larger AW139 model. This not only streamlined production but also reduced operational costs for customers who already operated other helicopters within the AWFamily.
The British government played a crucial role in supporting the development of this helicopter by providing financial backing through loans in 2011 and 2012. These funds were instrumental in advancing research and production capabilities at AgustaWestland’s facilities in Yeovil, England.
Design Features
The design of the AW169 reflects its intended role as a highly versatile helicopter capable of performing multiple missions under challenging conditions. Weighing approximately 4.8 tons at maximum takeoff weight (MTOW), it is smaller than its sibling models but still offers substantial payload capacity and range.
Cockpit and Avionics
The cockpit of the AW169 is equipped with an advanced avionics suite developed by Rockwell Collins. This includes a fully digital glass cockpit with three large touchscreen displays that provide pilots with real-time data on navigation, engine performance, weather conditions, and terrain awareness. The avionics system also features dual radar altimeters for precise altitude readings during low-level flight operations and night vision goggle (NVG) compatibility for enhanced situational awareness during nighttime missions.
One standout feature of the AW169 is its four-axis digital automatic flight control system (AFCS), which significantly reduces pilot workload by automating many aspects of flight control. The AFCS is integrated with a dual flight management system that incorporates traffic collision avoidance systems (TCAS) and terrain awareness warning systems (TAWS). These systems enable single-pilot operations under instrument flight rules (IFR), making it suitable for both civilian and military use.
Powerplant
The helicopter is powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210A turboshaft engines, each delivering around 1,000 horsepower. These engines are equipped with Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) systems that optimize fuel efficiency while minimizing emissions. The engines drive a variable-speed main rotor system designed to reduce external noise levels during operation—an important consideration for missions conducted in urban environments or near sensitive areas such as hospitals or residential neighborhoods.
Cabin Configuration
One of the most notable aspects of the AW169 is its spacious cabin, which can accommodate up to ten passengers or be configured for specialized missions such as medical evacuation (medevac) or search-and-rescue (SAR). The cabin features wide sliding doors on both sides for easy access to stretchers or other equipment needed during emergency operations.
In addition to its large cabin volume (measuring approximately 222 cubic feet), there is also an internal baggage compartment with a capacity of 49 cubic feet—sufficient space for additional medical equipment or personal belongings on longer flights.
To enhance passenger comfort during executive transport missions or VIP flights, operators can choose from various interior configurations that include leather seating arrangements along with soundproofing materials designed to minimize cabin noise levels during flight.
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Mode
A unique feature offered by this helicopter is its Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) mode—an innovation not commonly found in helicopters within this weight class. APU mode allows operators to run all onboard systems such as air conditioning units or medical equipment without having to engage rotors fully—a critical advantage when waiting on standby at airports or hospitals where noise restrictions may apply.
This capability makes it particularly attractive for air ambulance services where medical teams need access to life-support equipment before takeoff without disturbing patients already onboard.
Citations:
[1] https://www.globalair.com/aircraft-for-sale/specifications?specid=1523
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW169
[3] https://winair.ca/blog/the-helicopter-aficionados-guide-to-the-leonardo-aw169/
[4] https://exclases.com/aw169-2/
[5] https://www.businessairnews.com/hb_aircraftpage.html?recnum=AW169
[6] https://en.namu.wiki/w/AW169
[7] https://helicopters.leonardo.com/en/products/aw-169
Performance and Capabilities of the AgustaWestland AW169
The AgustaWestland AW169 is renowned for its top-tier performance, which makes it one of the most versatile helicopters in the light-intermediate category. Equipped with two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210A turboshaft engines, each delivering 1,000 horsepower, the AW169 is designed to operate efficiently in a wide variety of environments, from urban areas to offshore platforms. These engines are controlled by Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) systems, which optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, making the AW169 not only powerful but also environmentally conscious.
Speed and Range
The AW169 boasts impressive speed capabilities. Its maximum cruise speed is 165 knots (306 km/h), enabling it to cover long distances quickly. The helicopter has a travel range of 440 nautical miles (815 kilometers), which allows for extended missions without the need for frequent refueling stops. This range can be further extended with auxiliary fuel tanks, making it ideal for search-and-rescue (SAR) missions or offshore energy operations where long-distance travel is often required.
The helicopter’s endurance is another standout feature. With a flight time of up to 4 hours and 20 minutes, the AW169 can remain airborne for extended periods, which is particularly useful in emergency medical services (EMS) or law enforcement missions where hovering or loitering over an area may be necessary.
Service Ceiling and Rate of Climb
The AW169 has a service ceiling of 16,400 feet (5,000 meters), allowing it to operate effectively in high-altitude environments. This capability is especially beneficial for missions conducted in mountainous regions or during high-altitude rescues. The helicopter’s rate of climb is equally impressive at 2,000 feet per minute (10.16 meters per second), enabling rapid ascent to operational altitudes.
Fuel Efficiency and Economy
While specific fuel economy figures for the AW169 are not always readily available, its use of advanced FADEC-controlled engines ensures that it operates with optimal fuel efficiency. The FADEC system continuously monitors engine performance and adjusts fuel consumption to match the operational needs of the helicopter. This not only extends the range but also reduces operational costs—an important consideration for both commercial operators and government agencies.
Payload Capacity
The AW169 has a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 4,800 kilograms (10,582 pounds) and can carry a payload of up to 600 kilograms (1,323 pounds). This payload capacity allows it to transport essential equipment or personnel for various missions, including EMS operations where medical equipment and stretchers need to be accommodated.
In terms of passenger capacity, the AW169 can seat up to 10 passengers in its standard configuration. However, it can be reconfigured for different mission profiles—such as carrying two stretchers along with medical attendants in air ambulance roles or seating fewer passengers in VIP transport configurations.
Baggage and Cargo Space
The AW169 offers ample space for cargo and baggage. It has an internal baggage compartment with a capacity of 49 cubic feet (1.4 cubic meters), which is sufficient to store personal belongings or mission-critical equipment. This compartment is easily accessible from inside the cabin, making it convenient for passengers or crew members to retrieve items during flight.
Safety Features
Safety is at the core of the AW169’s design philosophy. The helicopter complies with the latest FAA/EASA Part 29 certification standards, which are some of the most stringent safety regulations in aviation.
Crash-Resistant Airframe
One of the key safety features of the AW169 is its crash-resistant airframe. This design ensures that the helicopter can withstand impacts more effectively than older models, reducing the risk of injury to passengers and crew in the event of an accident. The airframe also incorporates energy-absorbing seats that further enhance occupant safety during hard landings or crashes.
Advanced Avionics Suite
The avionics suite on the AW169 is designed to provide pilots with maximum situational awareness while minimizing workload. It includes Rockwell Collins avionics with three large touchscreen displays that offer real-time data on navigation, engine performance, weather conditions, and terrain awareness[6]. The cockpit is also equipped with dual radar altimeters and night vision goggle (NVG) compatibility, allowing for safe operations during low-visibility conditions or nighttime missions.
The four-axis digital automatic flight control system (AFCS) further enhances safety by automating many aspects of flight control. This system reduces pilot workload by handling tasks such as maintaining altitude or heading during flight, allowing pilots to focus on mission-critical tasks.
Health Monitoring Systems
To ensure that critical components are operating optimally at all times, the AW169 features Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS). These systems continuously monitor key mechanical components such as engines and rotor blades for signs of wear or potential failure. If any issues are detected, HUMS alerts maintenance crews so that repairs can be made before they become critical—a feature that significantly enhances operational safety and reduces downtime[6].
Emergency Systems
In addition to its crash-resistant airframe and advanced avionics suite, the AW169 is equipped with several emergency systems designed to enhance survivability in extreme situations. For instance, it has a crash-resistant fuel system that minimizes the risk of fire following an impact[7]. The helicopter also features large windows that allow for quick egress in case of an emergency landing on land or water.
For operations conducted over water—such as offshore oil platform transport—the AW169 can be fitted with flotation devices that allow it to remain buoyant if forced to land on water.
Citations:
[1] https://aeropedia.com.au/content/agusta-westland-aw-169/
[2] https://en.namu.wiki/w/AW169
[3] https://winair.ca/blog/the-helicopter-aficionados-guide-to-the-leonardo-aw169/
[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5_sQ2dfdTU
[5] https://www.globalair.com/aircraft-for-sale/specifications?specid=1523
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW169
[7] https://helicopters.leonardo.com/documents/16114711/18070173/AW169+Executive+and+Private+transport+brochure_Gen2020.pdf?t=1580297885962
[8] https://helicopters.leonardo.com/en/products/aw-169
[9] https://www.agusta.com/range/AW169?lang=en
Operational Versatility and Applications of the AW169
The AgustaWestland AW169 has earned a reputation for being one of the most versatile helicopters in its class, capable of performing a wide range of missions across various sectors. Its adaptability is largely due to its innovative design, advanced avionics, and powerful twin-engine configuration. The AW169’s ability to be rapidly reconfigured for different mission profiles makes it a popular choice for both civilian and military operators. Below, we explore the key operational roles in which the AW169 excels.
Executive and VIP Transport
One of the most prominent uses of the AW169 is in executive and VIP transport. The helicopter’s spacious cabin, which can comfortably seat up to 10 passengers, is often customized with luxurious interiors to meet the demands of high-profile clients. Operators can choose from a variety of seating arrangements, including leather-upholstered seats, soundproofing materials to reduce cabin noise, and advanced climate control systems. The helicopter’s ability to operate in Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) mode allows it to keep the cabin cool or warm while on standby without running the rotors, ensuring that passengers experience maximum comfort before takeoff[2].
The AW169’s high cruise speed of 165 knots (306 km/h) and range of 440 nautical miles (815 kilometers) make it ideal for transporting executives between cities or remote destinations quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, its low external noise signature and smooth ride—thanks to advanced rotor blade dampers—ensure that passengers enjoy a quiet and comfortable flight[4].
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
The AW169 has become a favored platform for air ambulance services due to its large cabin space and ability to carry medical equipment. In EMS configurations, the helicopter can accommodate up to two stretchers along with several medical attendants. The wide sliding doors on either side of the cabin allow for easy loading and unloading of patients on stretchers, even in confined spaces such as hospital helipads[1][2].
One of the key features that make the AW169 ideal for EMS missions is its Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) mode, which enables medical teams to operate life-support equipment while the helicopter is on standby without needing to engage the main rotors. This capability is crucial during emergency situations where every second counts, as it allows medical teams to stabilize patients before takeoff[2].
In addition to its spacious cabin and APU mode, the AW169 is equipped with advanced avionics systems that enhance safety during EMS missions. These include terrain awareness warning systems (TAWS), traffic collision avoidance systems (TCAS), and night vision goggle (NVG) compatibility for nighttime operations. The helicopter’s ability to perform hover-in-ground-effect (HIGE) landings at altitudes above 4,400 meters further enhances its utility in challenging environments such as mountainous regions[9].
Search and Rescue (SAR)
The AW169’s performance characteristics make it well-suited for search-and-rescue (SAR) missions. Its long range, high speed, and ability to hover for extended periods allow rescue teams to locate and extract individuals from difficult-to-reach areas such as mountainous terrain or offshore locations.
In SAR configurations, the helicopter can be equipped with specialized equipment such as rescue hoists, external cameras for surveillance, mission consoles for coordination, and loudspeakers for communication with ground personnel or individuals in distress[4]. The AW169 also features a cargo hook that enables it to carry external loads such as rescue baskets or supplies needed during disaster relief efforts.
The helicopter’s four-axis digital automatic flight control system (AFCS) plays a critical role in reducing pilot workload during SAR missions by automating many aspects of flight control. This allows pilots to focus on navigating through challenging weather conditions or coordinating with ground teams during complex rescue operations[4].
Law Enforcement and Security Operations
Law enforcement agencies around the world have increasingly turned to the AW169 for security operations due to its agility, speed, and advanced surveillance capabilities. The helicopter can be fitted with a wide array of mission-specific equipment tailored for law enforcement roles, including infrared cameras for night surveillance, loudspeakers for crowd control, and searchlights for nighttime operations[9].
The AW169 has proven particularly effective in counter-terrorism operations where rapid response times are critical. Its ability to carry multiple law enforcement officers along with their gear makes it an ideal platform for tactical insertions or extractions in urban environments. Additionally, its low noise signature helps minimize detection during covert operations.
The helicopter’s avionics suite includes automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) tracking systems that provide real-time data on air traffic movements—an important feature when coordinating with other aircraft during large-scale security operations[9].
Offshore Energy Services
The offshore oil and gas industry has stringent requirements when it comes to helicopter transport due to the often harsh environmental conditions encountered at sea. The AW169 was specifically designed with these challenges in mind and has become a popular choice among operators providing transport services for offshore platforms.
With seating capacity for up to 10 passengers and a range of 440 nautical miles (815 kilometers), the AW169 can efficiently transport personnel between offshore platforms or from shore bases to rigs located far out at sea[2]. Its ability to operate safely in adverse weather conditions—thanks to its advanced avionics suite—ensures that offshore energy operators can rely on timely transport services even when faced with challenging weather.
In addition to personnel transport, the AW169 can also be configured with cargo hooks capable of carrying external loads such as equipment or supplies needed on offshore platforms. This versatility makes it an invaluable asset not only for routine transport but also during emergencies where rapid deployment of supplies or personnel may be required[9].
Military Applications
In military roles, the AW169 is designated as the AW169M variant. This militarized version has been ordered by several countries’ armed forces—including Italy’s Guardia di Finanza—for use in roles such as troop transport, armed reconnaissance, maritime patrols, and close air support operations[4]. The AW169M can be equipped with additional mission-specific equipment such as armor plating or weapons systems depending on operational requirements.
One notable feature of the AW169M is its ability to conduct manned-unmanned teaming operations where it works alongside unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) during reconnaissance missions or combat support roles. This capability enhances situational awareness while reducing risk exposure for personnel involved in high-stakes military operations[5].
Citations:
[1] https://www.globalair.com/aircraft-for-sale/specifications?specid=1523
[2] https://winair.ca/blog/the-helicopter-aficionados-guide-to-the-leonardo-aw169/
[3] https://aeropedia.com.au/content/agusta-westland-aw-169/
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW169
[5] https://en.namu.wiki/w/AW169
[6] https://aerossurance.com/helicopters/aw169-update/
[7] https://skybrary.aero/aircraft/a169
[8] https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aaib-formal-report-leonardo-aw169-g-vskp-fatal-accident-at-king-power-stadium-leicester-on-27-october-2018
[9] https://exclases.com/aw169-2/
Variants, Incidents, and Future Prospects of the AW169
The AgustaWestland AW169 has evolved into a highly adaptable platform with several variants tailored for specific roles. While it has been widely adopted in various sectors, the helicopter has also faced challenges, including a few high-profile incidents. In this final section, we will explore the different variants of the AW169, review notable accidents and incidents involving the helicopter, and discuss its future prospects in the aviation industry.
Variants of the AW169
The AW169’s versatility is not only reflected in its broad range of applications but also in its specialized variants. These variants are designed to meet the unique requirements of different operators, ranging from military forces to government agencies and private enterprises.
AW169M (Military Variant)
The AW169M is the militarized version of the AW169 and is specifically designed for multi-role operations. It is capable of performing a wide range of military missions, including troop transport, medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), armed reconnaissance, and maritime patrols. The Italian Army has been one of the primary customers for this variant, using it for various roles under the designation UH-169A.
The AW169M can be equipped with additional military-specific equipment such as weapons systems, armor plating, and advanced communication systems. It also features provisions for mounting external stores or mission pods, making it highly adaptable for combat support roles. The helicopter’s ability to operate in both manned and unmanned teaming configurations—where it works alongside unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—enhances its utility in modern warfare scenarios.
AW169 EMS (Emergency Medical Services Variant)
The AW169 EMS variant is optimized for air ambulance operations. It features a cabin configuration that allows for up to two stretchers along with several medical attendants and life-support equipment. This variant is equipped with specialized medical equipment such as defibrillators, oxygen systems, and patient monitoring devices.
The wide sliding doors on either side of the cabin facilitate rapid loading and unloading of patients on stretchers. Additionally, the helicopter’s Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) mode allows medical teams to operate critical equipment while on standby without running the rotors—an essential feature during emergency operations.
AW169 VIP/Corporate Variant
The AW169 VIP/Corporate variant is tailored for executive transport and corporate shuttle services. This version typically features luxurious interiors with leather seating, advanced climate control systems, and soundproofing materials to ensure a quiet and comfortable flight experience. Operators can customize seating arrangements based on their preferences, with options ranging from spacious lounge-style seating to more compact configurations for shorter flights.
This variant is popular among private operators and government officials who require fast, reliable transportation between cities or remote locations. Its low noise signature and smooth ride make it an attractive option for high-profile clients who prioritize comfort and discretion.
AW169 SAR (Search-and-Rescue Variant)
The AW169 SAR variant is equipped with specialized equipment designed for search-and-rescue operations. This includes rescue hoists capable of lifting individuals from difficult-to-reach areas such as mountainous terrain or offshore locations. The helicopter can also be fitted with external cameras for surveillance, loudspeakers for communication with ground personnel or individuals in distress, and mission consoles for coordinating rescue efforts.
In addition to its advanced avionics suite—which includes terrain awareness warning systems (TAWS) and traffic collision avoidance systems (TCAS)—the SAR variant can be equipped with flotation devices that allow it to land on water during maritime rescue missions.
Accidents and Incidents
Despite its many successes, the AW169 has been involved in several high-profile incidents that have raised concerns about its safety record. However, these incidents have been thoroughly investigated by aviation authorities, leading to improvements in both design and operational procedures.
Leicester City Helicopter Crash (2018)
One of the most well-known incidents involving an AW169 occurred on October 27, 2018, when a helicopter owned by Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha—the owner of Leicester City Football Club—crashed shortly after takeoff from King Power Stadium in Leicester, UK. The helicopter was destroyed upon impact, killing all five people onboard.
An investigation by the UK’s Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) revealed that the crash was caused by a mechanical failure in the tail rotor control system. Specifically, a pin had become disconnected from the tail rotor actuator linkage due to improper installation during maintenance. This resulted in a loss of control over the tail rotor pitch angle, causing the helicopter to spin uncontrollably before crashing.
Following this incident, Leonardo issued safety directives to all AW169 operators worldwide to inspect their helicopters’ tail rotor control systems thoroughly. The company also worked closely with aviation authorities to implement design changes aimed at preventing similar failures in the future.
Home Base Incident (2021)
Another incident occurred on March 27, 2021, when an AW169 crashed at its home base due to human error during maintenance procedures. Fortunately, no one was injured in this incident; however, it highlighted the importance of strict adherence to maintenance protocols when servicing complex aircraft like the AW169.
Investigations revealed that improper handling during routine maintenance led to damage within critical components of the helicopter’s flight control system. As a result of this incident—and others like it—Leonardo has emphasized ongoing training programs for maintenance crews to ensure that such errors do not occur again.
Future Prospects
Looking ahead, the future prospects for the AW169 appear bright despite these isolated incidents. The helicopter’s versatility continues to make it an attractive option for operators across multiple sectors—from air ambulance services to law enforcement agencies—and its advanced avionics systems ensure that it remains competitive in an increasingly demanding market.
Technological Advancements
One area where we can expect significant advancements is in avionics technology. Leonardo has already begun exploring ways to integrate more advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems into its helicopters’ flight control systems—potentially reducing pilot workload even further while enhancing overall safety levels during complex missions such as SAR or military operations.
Additionally, ongoing research into hybrid-electric propulsion systems could lead to more fuel-efficient versions of helicopters like the AW169 within the next decade—a development that would reduce both operational costs and environmental impact significantly.
Conclusion: The AgustaWestland AW169’s Legacy and Continuing Impact
The AgustaWestland AW169 stands as a testament to modern helicopter engineering, blending versatility, performance, and safety into a single platform that meets the needs of a wide range of operators. Whether it’s transporting executives in comfort, saving lives in emergency medical services, or conducting search-and-rescue missions in challenging environments, the AW169 has proven itself to be a reliable and adaptable aircraft.
Key Strengths of the AW169
- Versatility Across Sectors: The AW169’s ability to be rapidly reconfigured for different mission profiles makes it an invaluable asset across multiple industries. From VIP transport to military operations, the helicopter’s adaptability ensures it remains relevant in diverse operational environments.
- Advanced Avionics and Safety Features: Equipped with cutting-edge avionics systems such as Rockwell Collins displays, FADEC-controlled engines, and a four-axis digital automatic flight control system (AFCS), the AW169 provides pilots with enhanced situational awareness while reducing workload. Its crash-resistant airframe, health monitoring systems (HUMS), and emergency features further solidify its reputation as one of the safest helicopters in its class.
- Efficient Performance: The twin Pratt & Whitney PW210A engines provide ample power while maintaining fuel efficiency, allowing the helicopter to cover long distances at high speeds. Its service ceiling of 16,400 feet and rate of climb of 2,000 feet per minute make it suitable for high-altitude operations, while its ability to hover for extended periods is crucial for search-and-rescue missions.
- Comfort and Customization: For executive transport and VIP missions, the AW169 offers a spacious cabin with customizable interiors that prioritize passenger comfort. Its low noise signature and smooth ride make it an ideal choice for high-profile clients who value discretion and convenience.
Challenges and Incidents
While the AW169 has experienced some challenges—most notably the tragic Leicester City helicopter crash in 2018—these incidents have led to improvements in both design and operational protocols. Leonardo has demonstrated a strong commitment to addressing safety concerns through rigorous inspections, design modifications, and enhanced training programs for maintenance crews.
Future Outlook
Looking ahead, the AW169 is well-positioned to remain a key player in the global helicopter market. As technological advancements continue—particularly in avionics systems and hybrid-electric propulsion—the AW169 is likely to see further enhancements that will improve its fuel efficiency, reduce emissions, and expand its operational capabilities.
In addition to technological improvements, market expansion into regions such as Asia-Pacific presents significant growth opportunities for Leonardo. The helicopter’s ability to share components with other models in the AWFamily (such as the AW139 and AW189) makes it an attractive option for countries looking to modernize their fleets while maintaining cost-effective logistics.
Final Thoughts
The AgustaWestland AW169 is more than just a helicopter—it is a versatile platform that embodies innovation, safety, and performance. Its ability to adapt to various mission profiles ensures that it will continue to serve operators around the world for years to come. Whether flying over urban landscapes or navigating challenging offshore environments, the AW169 remains a trusted choice for those who demand excellence from their aircraft.